Technology is the making, modification, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems, methods of organization, in order to solve a problem, improve a preexisting solution to a problem, achieve a goal or perform a specific function.
Information technology (IT) is concerned with the development, management, and use of computer-based information systems.
TECHNO LINGO JARGON BUSTER
BLUETOOTH
Bluetooth lets you beam data from one device to another over a short distance. It’s found in most mobile phones, letting you swap photos or videos with others or print directly to a Bluetooth printer. It’s also behind the wireless controllers for PlayStation 3 and Wii.
GPS
The Global Positioning System is the technology behind satnav (satellite navigation) devices. Switch on your navigator and it’ll search for satellites in the sky above. Once it’s locked on to the signals of three or more orbiting spacecraft, it can triangulate its position. In perfect conditions it has an accuracy of within three metres.
WI-FI
Wireless technology or WiFi, lets you connect your computer to a network without a cable. That network could be one at home or the internet. New games consoles like the PlayStation 3 and Wii have Wi-Fi built in, so they can get online too. Older equipment like the Xbox 360 and some older computers need special adapters to make them Wi-Fi enabled.
HSDPA
High Speed Downlink Packet Access is the complicated name for fast internet to you mobile phone. It works along side 3G networks to vastly improve the download speed of your mobile when using the internet. Currently it runs at 1.8mbps in most countries, although some networks have used it to transfer data at 14.4mbps. That’s fast enough to download a whole movie in less than 10 minutes.
MEGAPIXELS
The number of mega pixels in a camera typically determines its quality. The more mega pixels the bigger and more detailed the image produced. Although it’s important to pick a camera with a good quality lens too. Some mobile phones boast impressive mega pixel figures but don’t have a focus lens so if the subject’s too close or too far away your photo will look blurry.
RESOLUTION
This is the number of pixels displayed by a screen. Generally, the higher the resolution the better, although the size of the screen is also important. For instance a two inch screen with a resolution of 240x320 pixels will be worse than a one inch screen with the same resolution. That’s because the same number of pixels are spread over a larger space, so they are bigger and images look less detailed.
HI-DEF
High Definition, or HD is the standard term for high definition TV or games. It simply means much better quality images and comes in two varieties, 720 and 1080. These numbers refer to the number of lines on screen. 1080 represents the best quality or ‘full HD’ as some call it, as there are more lines and more detail in picture. As if this wasn’t enough, there are two types of both varieties – interlaced or progressive, denoted by an ‘i’ or ‘p’ following the numbers. Interlaced HD refreshes odd lines first, and even lines second, while progressive HD updates them all at once. Some say progressive HD is better, although in reality they both update faster than the human eye, so it’s almost impossible to tell the difference
From THE TRAVELLER MSAFIRI Edition 60 August – October 2007 page 89
Processor - The chip that handles all PC (i.e. Desktop or Laptop PC) decisions. Everything a computer does is controlled by the Processor and the slower or faster this is, the slower or faster the the PC will be.
RAM - Random Access Memory is the short term memory the PC uses to quickly access information and programs. The more RAM you have, the faster the PC will run
HDD - The Hard Disk Drive is a physical component inside the PC that stores long term information such as documents or media files.
Resolution - A measurement of the horizontal and vertical pixels displayed that determines the sharpness of the PCs screen.
Optical Drive - Drive (CD, DVD or Blu-ray) used to access information via optics (a laser and a lens)
Graphics Adapter - a PC part that deals with all graphics and outputs them to the monitor. Sometime there is a separate GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), While other times it is build into the main processor.
Super TFT - Thin Film Transistor is a glossy highly reflective coating that is added to the PC screen to add vibrancy and colour, improving video quality.
Sandy Bridge - Code name for the next generation of computer chips manufactured by iNtel. They are broken down into three classes Core i3, Core i5 and Core i7.
HDMI - High Definition Media Interface is a digital connetion that attaches the PC to an HDTV or external display and makes it posible to watch HD content on a second display.
http://businessict.kbo.co.ke/PC+Buyers+Guide
Push email is a method of having email received for a user on a server automatically forwarded to a mobile device. This works by keeping an active connection open between the mobile device and the server so that the server can notify the mobile device immediately when new email has arrived. In a typical non-push (pull) scenario, the mobile device would poll the server at some user specified time interval (such as every hour) and ask the server if any new email has arrived. If new email arrives even a second after the server is polled, it will sit there waiting until the next time that the mobile device checks for mail. Push technology is also often used for non-email data such as contacts and calendar appointments, as well.
Your phone sucks a lot of power constantly communicating with email servers. Try turning off push email and see how many more precious hours you’ll get out of your phone on a single charge.
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) is
richer in functionality than POP and is designed to allow clients to access and
manage mailboxes on the server as if they were local. IMAP is a much more
complex protocol than POP, with less client support. IMAP4 is the latest
implementation of IMAP.
Although the messages reside on the mail server clients that support IMAP can
manipulate these messages in many ways.
Some users like to keep their e-mail online indefinitely for future searching. In such cases, IMAP offers the flexibility of selectively retaining messages, whereas POP does not.
RSS - “Really Simple Syndication’’ or “Rich Site Summary’’ are terms used to describe a number of XML-related aggregation technology versions that grew out of a project at Netscape geared to manage news headlines for portal web sites.
What does RSS stand for? There's a can of worms. RSS as introduced by Netscape in 1999 then later abandoned in 2001 stood for "Rich Site Summary." Another version of RSS pioneered by UserLand Software stands for "Really Simple Syndication." In yet another version, RSS stands for "RDF Site Summary."
Main three bits of information:
-
Title
-
Description
-
Link
RSS Example from wikipedia
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<rss version="2.0">
<channel>
<title>RSS Title</title>
<description>This is an example of an RSS feed</description>
<link>http://www.someexamplerssdomain.com/main.html</link>
<lastBuildDate>Mon, 06 Sep 2010 00:01:00 +0000 </lastBuildDate>
<pubDate>Mon, 06 Sep 2009 16:45:00 +0000 </pubDate>
<ttl>1800</ttl>
<item>
<title>Example entry</title>
<description>Here is some text containing an interesting
description.</description>
<link>http://www.wikipedia.org/</link>
<guid>unique string per item</guid>
<pubDate>Mon, 06 Sep 2009 16:45:00 +0000 </pubDate>
</item>
</channel>
</rss>
KVM Switch
Stands for "Keyboard, Video, and Mouse switch." As the name implies, a KVM
switch allows you to used multiple computers with the same keyboard, video
display, and mouse. Now, most of us don't need to use two computers at once. In
fact, using one computer at a time can sometimes be a challenge. However, there
are situations where using a single keyboard, mouse, and display with multiple
machines can be very practical.
For example, software programmers may use a KVM switch to alternate between two
or more computers with different operating systems. This allows them to test
their software on multiple platforms when developing a crossplatform
application. Network administrators often use KVM switches to monitor and
control multiple servers at a time. These KVM switches may support eight or more
computers at once. By simply pressing a button on the KVM switch, the
administrator can view the display of any machine connected to the switch and
control it with a single keyboard and mouse.
Of course, KVM switches can also be used by the everyday home user. Some people
may find it useful to have two computers at their desk, such as a home and work
computer, or a Mac and a PC. In these situations, a KVM switch can accommodate
both machines, allowing them to share the same monitor, keyboard, and mouse.
Because only one of each is needed, the result is far less clutter on the desk.
This leaves room for stacks of papers, mail, and other objects to clutter up the
rest of the desk.
Since most keyboards and mice use a USB connection, most KVM switches include
USB ports. Older models may include PS/2 or serial ports. The connection for the
monitor may be a VGA or DVI port, or both. If you plan on using a KVM switch for
your computer setup, make sure the ports match the display and input devices you
are going to use with it.
A file is a collection of
similar records.
A database is a collection of interrelated files (meaning
that records in one file are physically related to records
in another file).
Database architecture refers to
the database technology
including the database engine, database utilities, CASE
tools, and database development tools.
A database management system (DBMS) is
specialized software that is used to create, access,
control, and manage the database. The core of the DBMS
is a database engine.
– A data definition language (DDL) is that part of the
engine used to physically define tables, fields, and
structural relationships.
– A data manipulation language (DML) is that part of the
engine used to create, read, update, and delete
records in the database, and navigate between
different files (tables) in the database.
Relational databases implement
stored data in a series
of two-dimensional tables that are “related” to one
another via foreign keys.
– The physical data model is called a schema.
– The DDL and DML for a relational database is called
SQL (Structured Query Language).
– Triggers are programs embedded within a table that
are automatically invoked by updates to another table.
– Stored procedures are programs embedded within a
table that can be called from an application program.
Data are raw facts about the
organization and its
business transactions. Most data items have little
meaning and use by themselves.
Information is data that has been refined and
organized by processing and purposeful intelligence.
The latter, purposeful intelligence, is crucial to the
definition—People provide the purpose and the
intelligence that produces true information.
Transaction processing systems
are information system
applications that capture and process data about business
transactions.
– Includes data maintenance, which provides for
custodial updates to stored data.
– Business process redesign (BPR) is the study,
analysis, and redesign of fundamental business
(transaction) processes to reduce costs and/or
improve value added to the business.
A management information system
(MIS) is an
information system application that provides for
management-oriented reporting. These reports are
usually generated on a predetermined schedule and
appear in a prearranged format.
A decision support system (DSS)
is an information
system application that provides its users with decisionoriented
information whenever a decision-making
situation arises. When applied to executive managers,
these systems are sometimes called executive
information systems (EIS).
– A data warehouse is a read-only, informational
database that is populated with detailed, summary,
and exception data and information generated by other
transaction and management information systems.
The data warehouse can then be accessed by endusers
and managers with DSS tools that generate a
virtually limitless variety of information in support of
unstructured decisions.
An expert system is a
programmed decision-making
information system that captures and reproduces the
knowledge and expertise of an expert problem solver or
decision maker and then simulates the “thinking” or
“actions” of that expert.
– Expert systems are implemented with artificial
intelligence technology that captures, stores, and
provides access to the reasoning of the experts.
Office automation (OA) systems
support the wide range
of business office activities that provide for improved
work flow and communications between workers,
regardless of whether or not those workers are located in
the same office.
– Personal information systems are those designed to
meet the needs of a single user. They are designed to
boost an individual’s productivity.
– Work group information systems are those
designed to meet the needs of a work group. They are
designed to boost the group’s productivity.
Information systems architecture
provides a unifying
framework into which various people with different
perspectives can organize and view the fundamental
building blocks of information systems.
• Rapid application development (RAD)
techniques emphasize
extensive user involvement in the rapid and evolutionary
construction of working prototypes of a system to accelerate the
system development process.
RAD is based on building prototypes that evolve into finished
systems (often using time boxing)
– A prototype is a smaller-scale, representative or working model
of the users’ requirements or a proposed design for an information
system.
– A time box is a nonextendable period of time, usually 60-120
days, by which a candidate system must be placed into operation.
Commercial off- the- shelf (COTS)
software is a software
package or solution that is purchased to support one or more
business functions and information systems.
Data capture is the
identification and acquisition of new
data (at its source).
Data entry is the process of
translating the source data or
document (above) into a computer readable format.
Data processing is all processing that occurs on the data
after it is input from a machine readable form.
An information system (IS) is
an arrangement of
people, data, processes, communications, and
information technology that interact to support and
improve day-to-day operations in a business, as well as
support the problem-solving and decision-making needs
of management and users.
Information technology is a contemporary term that
describes the combination of computer technology
(hardware and software) with telecommunications
technology (data, image, and voice networks).
A model is a representation of
reality. Just as a
picture is worth a thousand words, most models are
pictorial representations of reality.
Logical models show
what a system is or does.
They are implementation
independent; that is, they
depict the system
independent of any
technical implementation.
Physical models show not
only what a system is or
does, but also how the
system is (to be) physically
and technically implemented.
They are implementation
dependent because they
reflect technology choices.
Process modeling is a technique
for organizing and
documenting the structure and flow of data through a
system’s processes, and/or the logic, policies, and
procedures to be implemented by a system’s processes.
A data flow diagram (DFD) is a tool (and type of process
model) that depicts the flow of data through a system and
the work or processing performed by that system.
A project is a [temporary]
sequence of unique,
complex, and connected activities having one goal or
purpose and that must be completed by specific time,
within budget, and according to specification.
Project management is the
process of scoping,
planning, staffing, organizing, directing, and
controlling the development of an acceptable system
at a minimum cost within a specified time frame.
A PERT chart is a graphical
network model that
depicts a project’s tasks and the relationships between
those tasks.
A Gantt chart is a simple horizontal bar chart that
depicts project tasks against a calendar. Each bar
represents a named project task. The tasks are listed
vertically in the left-hand column. The horizontal axis
is a calendar timeline.
A work breakdown structure (WBS)
is a
hierarchical decomposition of the project into phases,
activities, and tasks.
Milestones are events that signify the accomplishment
or completion of major deliverables during a project.
Systems analysis is a
problem-solving technique that
decomposes a system into its component pieces for
the purpose of studying how well those component
parts work and interact to accomplish their purpose.
Systems design (also called systems synthesis) is a
complementary problem-solving technique (to
systems analysis) that reassembles a system’s
component pieces back into a complete system--
hopefully, an improved system. This may involves
adding, deleting, and changing pieces relative to the
original system.
Rapid application development (RAD)
is the merger of
various structured techniques (especially the data- driven
information engineering) with prototyping techniques and joint
application development techniques to accelerate systems
development.
RAD calls for the interactive use of structured techniques and
prototyping to define the users’ requirements and design the
final system.
Joint Application Development (JAD)
is a technique that
complements other systems analysis and design techniques by
emphasizing participative development among system owners,
users, designers, and builders.
The Ten Commandments of Computer
Ethics
1. Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people.
2. Thou shalt not interfere with other people's computer work.
3. Thou shalt not snoop around in other people's computer files.
4. Thou shalt not use a computer to steal.
5. Thou shalt not use a computer to bear false witness.
6. Thou shalt not copy or use proprietary software for which you have not paid.
7. Thou shalt not use other people's computer resources without authorization or
proper compensation.
8. Thou shalt not appropriate other people's intellectual output.
9. Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the program you are writing
or the system you are designing.
10. Thou shalt always use a computer in ways that insure consideration and
respect for your fellow human
See also:
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